Inhibition of Serum Lipase as a Mechanism of Action for Anti-Obesity Potentials of Dioscorea bulbifera Extracts on Wistar Rats
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences. University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Abstract
Objectives: Dioscorea bulbifera possesses profound therapeutic potential and is commonly used in traditional Indian, African and Chinese medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a hydromethanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera on the serum lipid profile, lipase, ghrelin, food intake and body weight of high-fat obese Wistar rats.
Methods: Thirty (30) male Wistar rats weighing 200 – 250 g were used for the study. Obesity was induced using a formulated high-fat diet for six (6) weeks. They were divided into six (6) groups of five (5) rats each. The negative control received distilled water, while the positive control received a standard antihyperlipidemic drug, simvastatin. Obese rats were treated with hydromethanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for a period of two (2) weeks.
Results: The results showed significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), lipase, fasting blood glucose and body weight of experimental animals compared to the negative control (P < 0.05), while serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and ghrelin were found to be significantly higher in experimental animals compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in the food intake of the animals.
Conclusion: The antiobesity potentials of hydromethanolic extracts of Dioscorea bulbifera may be attributable to their ability to reduce lipase activity while attenuating the lipid profile in high-fat obese Wistar rat models. Therefore, this study considers Dioscorea bulbifera as a potential natural anti-obesity agent with possible anti-lipase activity.
Introduction
Obesity refers to the excessive accumulation of body adipose tissue with a tendency to impair health. It is a chronic, stigmatized and costly metabolic disease that is rarely curable with increasing prevalence throughout the world according to the World Health Organization Fact Sheet1, 2 Obesity results from energy imbalance from high-energy diets, sedentary lifestyles and genetic make-up3, 4. With its associated comorbidities, such as type-2 diabetes, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), osteoarthritis and some cancers, it has been reported as a leading risk for deaths globally, accounting for up to 2.8 million deaths annually2, 4.
Long-term management and prevention for obesity involve lifestyle modifications in the form of dieting and exercise with pharmacological and surgical interventions required in extreme cases to achieve significant weight loss5, 6. Surgical procedures for weight loss are geared toward reducing the size of the stomach or bypassing a portion of the intestines to limit the quantity of food consumed. On the other hand, drugs used for weight loss work by inhibiting gastric lipases or by reducing appetite7, 8. While gastrointestinal surgeries are fraught with lifetime complications, the chronic use of drugs is associated with severe adverse side effects9. Safety concerns have remained the principal reason for the withdrawal of anti-obesity drugs10. This has continued to fuel research on the use of natural phyto-pharmacological agents in the treatment and management of obesity with little or no side effects. A variety of natural plant materials in the form of fruits, vegetables and herbs have been evaluated for their anti-obesity potentials and are currently being promoted in the development of nature-based anti-obesity agents11, 12. These plant materials have been shown to exert this function by enhancing thermogenesis, inhibiting lipase activity, preventing adipocyte differentiation, enhancing lipid metabolism and suppressing appetite11, 12, 13, 14.
remains one of the widely used yam varieties in Africa and Asia, where they are mostly used for several medicinal purposes. It belongs to the Dioscoreaceae family and is commonly known as air potato or aerial, bitter yam or cheeky yam15, 16. The bulbils have a characteristic faint odor and a bitter state, which makes them less desirable than other yam species for food. However, it has been noted as the yam species with the highest amount of protein, zinc, sodium, calcium and magnesium as well as vitamins B1, B3 and C17. The bulbils, tubers and leaves of the plant have a wide range of applications in folk remedies and have been used in the treatment of various ailments, such as piles, dysentery, syphilis, ulcers, leprosy and dysentery and tuberculosis18, 19. It is also used as a contraceptive and as an aphrodisiac20. Documented studies have reported its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, hematinic, anti-hyperlipidemic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Although extracts of have been shown to reduce body weight in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic rat models, the mechanism of action has yet to be evaluated22, 28, 29.
The present study aims to study the effect of extracts of on serum lipase and ghrelin as well as food intake using Wistar rat models as a possible mechanism of action for its anti-obesity activity.
Methods
Collection and Preparation of Plant Material
Bulbils of were freshly harvested from Odume Farm (Enugu State, Nigeria). They were correctly identified and authenticated by a plant biologist at the Plant Science and Biotechnology Department of the University of Port Harcourt, herbarium Number (UPH/C/132). They were thoroughly washed in running water, cut into tiny pieces and shed dried for two weeks. The dried plants were ground with an electrical blender and were ready for extraction.
Plant Extraction and Phytochemical Screening
Dried, ground plant material (1 kg) was mixed with 80% methanol and stored at 37°C for 24 hours in a shaking incubator at 160 rpm. The mixture of plant material in methanol was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 5000 rpm. The supernatant solution was stored separately, while the infranatant mixture was subjected to another round of mixing with 80% methanol followed by centrifugation, and the resulting supernatant was stored. These processes were repeated three times. All the supernatants were mixed and filtered using a vacuum filter. The filtrate was then concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The resultant extract was lyophilized to dryness and stored at 2°C before and throughout the experiment. Phytochemical screening was performed using standard methods30.
Experimental Animals
Thirty (30) male Wistar rats weighing 200 - 250 g were used for the study. They were inbred from the Animal House of the Department of Human Physiology, University of Port Harcourt. They were housed under standard animal husbandry conditions: well-ventilated rat cages, room temperature (25 ± 0.50°C), natural day/light cycle and allowed standard rat chow (Top Feed LTD., Sapele, Nigeria) and clean drinking water . The animals were acclimatized for 2 weeks before the start of the experiment.
Induction of Obesity
Obesity was induced naturally using a formulated high-fat diet. All the experimental animals were allowed a mixture of standard rat chow (80%) and rendered cow fat (20%) for a period of six (6) weeks. The body weight of the animals was measured, and rats with up to a 35% weight increase were considered obese and used for the study.
Experimental Design
Thirty (30) obese male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups of 5 animals and treated as follows.
Group 1 — Negative Control (water)
Group 2 — Positive Control (Simvastatin 10 mg/kg)
Group 3 – 200 mg/kg
Group 4 – 400 mg/kg
Group 5 – 200 mg/kg + High-fat diet
Group 6 – 400 mg/kg + High-fat diet
Groups 1 and 2 served as the negative and positive controls, respectively, while groups 3 to 6 served as the experimental groups. While the high-fat diet was discontinued for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, it was continued for groups 5 and 6. Oral treatment of the animals with hydromethanolic extracts of lasted for two (2) weeks.
Measurement of Food Intake
Throughout the experiment, the animals were allowed a measured quantity of rat chow . The quantity of food left after 24 hours of feeding was collected and weighed to determine food intake.
Effect of
Blood Sample Collection and Assay
Following overnight fasting, animals were anesthetized by cervical dislocation, and 3 ml of blood was collected via cardiac puncture into a dry sample bottle. Blood was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm, and supernatant serum was collected for laboratory assays. Serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and lipase were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods (Randox, UK), serum ghrelin was analyzed by ELISA (Elabscience, China), and fasting blood glucose was measured using a standard glucometer (Accu-Chek, UK).
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. The mean and standard error of the mean were calculated for each group of animals. The difference among the groups was determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher's least significant difference (LDS) post hoc analysis. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Ethical Consideration
This study was carried out in line with the highest ethical standard in line with guidelines from the Nigerian Institute for Medical Research. The study design was approved by the University of Port Harcourt Research Ethics Committee UPH/CERAMAD/REC/MM76/018.
Phytochemical composition of the hydromethanolic extract of
|
Phytochmical Tests |
Hydromethanolic Extract |
|
Alkaloids |
+ |
|
Flavonoids |
+ |
|
Tannin |
++ |
|
Phlobatannin |
- |
|
Saponin | |
|
Cardiac glycosides |
++ |
|
Free antraquinone |
- |
|
Combinedantraquinone |
- |
|
Cynogenetic glycoside |
- |
|
Terpenes/Steroids |
++ |
|
Carbohydrate |
+ |
Effect of
|
Groups |
TC (mg/dl) |
HDL (mg/dl) |
LDL (mg/dl) |
Lipase (mol/ml) |
Ghrelin (ng/ml) |
FBS (mmol/L) |
|
Negative Control |
176.40 ± 2.78 |
67.79 ± 4.37 |
76.25 ± 3.50 |
2.54 ± 0.36 |
0.50 ± 0.02 |
8.40 ± 0.23 |
|
Positive Control |
161.88 ± 5.33 |
82.97 ± 3.02 |
50.27 ± 2.86 |
2.29 ± 0.41 |
2.33 ± 1.68 |
6.34 ± 0.27 |
|
200 mg/kg DB |
154.82 ± 5.59a |
69.53 ± 1.20b |
44.86 ± 1.18a |
1.53 ± 0.30a |
7.61 ± 0.89a,b |
6.94 ± 0.22a |
|
400 mg/kg DB |
139.87 ± 0.76a,b |
79.34 ± 2.28a |
33.94 ± 2.64a,b |
1.42 ± 0.11a |
10.92 ± 0.18a,b |
6.28 ± 0.27a |
|
200 mg/kg DB+HFD |
149.04 ± 2.08a,b |
69.61 ± 3.01b |
56.47 ± 2.65a |
1.95 ± 0.10 |
10.89 ± 0.20a,b |
8.00 ± 0.41b |
|
400 mg/kg DB+HFD |
143.53 ± 2.58a,b |
67.01 ± 2.52b |
43.76 ± 1.92a |
1.89 ± 0.31 |
9.47 ± 0.53a,b |
7.08 ± 0.45a |
Effect of
|
Groups |
Weight Before the Experiment (g) |
Weight After the Experiment (g) |
Percentage Change in Weight (%) |
|
Negative Control |
250.40 ± 12.23 |
275.20* ± 13.75 |
9.92 |
|
Positive Control |
240.40 ± 10.08 |
230.40* ± 9.98 |
-4.17 |
|
200 mg/kg DB |
244.80 ± 5.70 |
233.80* ± 4.48 |
-4.34 |
|
400 mg/kg DB |
221.80 ± 9.47 |
207.40* ± 9.44 |
-4.49 |
|
200 mg/kg DB+HFD |
277.40 ± 10.26 |
261.25* ± 9.33 |
-5.82 |
|
400 mg/kg DB+HFD |
259.80 ± 7.32 |
252.20 ± 2.51 |
-2.92 |
Results
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the hydromethanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera is shown in
The effect of extracts on the serum lipid profile, ghrelin and fasting blood sugar of high-fat induced obese Wistar rats is shown in
The effect of extract on body weight changes in high-fat induced obese Wistar rats is shown in
The effect of on the food intake of high-fat diet-induced Wistar rats is shown in Figure 1. The data show that there was a slight increase in the food intake of the Wistar rats during the two-week treatment with extracts of . However, this increase was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) among the groups.
Discussion
has been shown to possess antihyperlipidemic potentials. While the mechanism of action remains unknown, the present study evaluated the effects of hydromethanolic extract of on serum lipase, ghrelin, food intake and body weight of high-fat induced obese Wistar rats. The results showed that the extract attenuated the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increased the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) among the experimental animals compared to the untreated control (P < 0.05). Flavonoids, as contained in the extracts, have been shown to impact lipid metabolism by either a reduction in cholesterol synthesis or an increase in LDL receptor expression31, 32. Additionally, saponins have been shown to suppress cholesterol absorption and increase lipid peroxidation33. It also acts by cholesterol secretion by depressing the rates of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol synthesis34. Previous studies have also observed an improvement in the lipid profile following the administration of extracts of 22, 28, 29. The study also indicated a significant reduction in serum lipase among the experimental groups compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). Flavonoids and saponins have been reported to exhibit anti-lipase activity and ability to reduce adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis35, 36.
There was a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar among the experimental animals compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). This glucose-lowering ability of extracts of could be due to the effects of diosgenin, which is an active saponin found in . Diosgenin has been shown to be an active α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor37. These combined actions reduce the rate of glucose absorption, thereby reducing blood glucose. Additionally, tannins, which are also present in the extract, exert their hypoglycemic action by reducing the intestinal absorption of glucose, inducing β-cell regeneration and enhancing insulin activity on adipose cells38, 39.
The study also observed a significant increase in the levels of serum ghrelin in the experimental groups compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). Ghrelin is involved in energy homeostasis, acting as a peripheral signal stimulating food intake and promoting weight gain40, 41. Despite this increase in serum ghrelin, no significant change in the food intake of the experimental animals was observed compared to the negative control (p > 0.05). This increase in serum ghrelin without a concomitant increase in food intake could be due to the inability of peripheral ghrelin to enhance food intake in obese rodents, reducing neuropeptide Y responsiveness to plasma ghrelin, thereby suppressing weight gain42. As expected, all the experimental animals had significantly reduced body weight after the experiment compared to their weight before the experiment (P < 0.05). This could be due to the observed significantly reduced lipase activity, which modulates fat absorption and adipogenesis, thereby reducing body weight.
Conclusions
The study indicates that the anti-obesity potentials of hydromethanolic extracts of are attributable to its ability to reduce lipase activity while attenuating lipid profile and blood glucose in high-fat obese Wistar rat models. Therefore, this study considers as a potential natural anti-obesity agent with possible anti-lipase activity.
Abbreviations
CVDs: cardiovascular diseases, DB: Dioscorea bulbifera, HDL: high density lipoproteins, HFD: High-fat diet, LDL: low-density lipoproteins, TC: total cholesterol
Acknowledgments
None.
Author’s contributions
This study was conceptualized, designed and analyzed by BCC while PWI performed the experiment, the literature search and the preliminary draft of the article. The final manuscript was read and approved by all the authors.
Funding
None.
Availability of data and materials
Data and materials used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study design was approved by the University of Port Harcourt Research Ethics Committee UPH/CERAMAD/REC/MM76/018.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.